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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are treated with medication. It can help improve symptoms, but it could also have negative effects. Talk to your doctor when you experience any side effects. Stimulants are among the most popular type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in both adults and children. It is effective by increasing the activity in brain areas that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication can have a high potential for abuse and is classified as to be a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Following the exact dosage prescribed will reduce the risk for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also worsen the behavior and tics of patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before starting this medication, those suffering from these conditions must inform their doctor. It is important to inform your doctor if you suffer from any other health problems or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color present in processed foods as well as some medicines and Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain medications, such as opioid medicines such as antidepressants, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors like isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, phenelzine (Nardil) or rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol and other stimulants while taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful impact on your blood pressure and heart rate. The tablets with immediate release methylphenidate (Ritalin) and the chewable tablet with long-acting function and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be dangerous if you suffer from a genetic condition called phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug, works in the brain and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD), which occurs in the winter months of fall and winter. It is also used to help smokers quit by decreasing nicotine cravings and withdrawal effects. Numerous studies on adults have demonstrated that bupropion improves ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. medication for adult add fixed-effect RR pooled for week-6 improvement (using a clinically significant change of 30 percent or more on a CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.37) and overall response the corresponding percentage of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion group compared with 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion could cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions various medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and blood pressure medications. It may also increase seizure risk in people who have an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions, and women who are pregnant or nursing are not advised to take it. Bupropion is available as the brand-name medication Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs are a type of drugs that function by altering brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. Although they are not used as a first line treatment for depression anymore, they may still be effective for some individuals. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, thereby increasing their levels in neurons. They are also useful in easing a variety of other disorders, including enuresis and pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia and Phantom limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can improve core ADHD symptoms and reduce anxiety, depression and the tendency to be impulsive. They can also assist in managing the tics. They are uncontrollable repeated actions or sounds like the sound of a throat clearing or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation, and can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These medications can interact negatively with other medications like anticholinergics and should never be used by women who are pregnant. They can also be teratogenic in animals and can cross the placenta. If you are concerned consult your physician, as there are newer antidepressants that have a less harmful side-effects profile. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are antidepressants. They consist of a class of drugs that hinder serotonin reuptake within neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin that is available to signal. They also reduce anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are used as adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in some people and can be helpful along with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from your body, however they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 enzymes. This leads to varying blood concentrations. These drugs can also be prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and the bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline may help reduce PTSD symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs could cause a rare side effect called sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications it is crucial to speak with your doctor. It is typical for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. The development and research of new medication is ongoing. It is important to disclose all the medications you are taking to your physician. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant medications don't work for adults with ADHD, doctors often prescribe an antidepressant called a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase the levels of two brain chemicals called serotonin and norepinephrine. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. The SNRIs are similar in their adverse effects as TCAs however, they are more secure. They are prescribed for a variety of ailments, including anxiety disorders, chronic pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They are also sometimes used as an add-on treatment for depression. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs work by preventing the reabsorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal phasic release. The increase in norepinephrine helps increase concentration and mood. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD, but some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are usually taken orally as pills but they can also be used as liquids or patches. The FDA approved a oral SNRI called viloxazine, or Qelbree for treating ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It doesn't have a potential for abuse, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are prescribed for anxiety and depression disorders, but they can also help manage ADHD symptoms. SNRI medications such as venlafaxine or duloxetine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly lower scores on various ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with other medications. It is important to consult with a doctor prior to taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication can cause harm to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to follow the proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe these medications off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor regarding your child's health issues and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these medications. SNRIs can raise the body's levels of serotonin and norepinephrine but are not suitable for everyone. Women who are nursing or pregnant should avoid taking SNRIs since they could be absorbed through breast milk. They should also not be taken by those with high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help improve their attention and focus. Some may also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. Medication is usually combined with behavior therapy and skills training, which help people get control of their symptoms. It takes time to find the appropriate dosage and medication for each person. During this time, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to determine a balance between benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate boost the activity of a certain brain chemical that control memory and concentration. They are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, but they can have serious side consequences, such as decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects usually disappear within a few weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Children and adults can also use non-stimulant drugs. They take longer to begin working, but they are able to improve concentration and impulse control. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also treat ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter neopinephrine levels in the brain and help with impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant used for ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD but the drug companies eventually developed extended-release versions and the FDA approved the drug as a treatment for this condition.